Syria Country Profile on SWM
Country profile on the Solid Waste Management situation in Syria (2010)
EN, FR, AR [1.5 Mb]
Country report on the Solid Waste Management in Syria (2010)
EN, FR [2.5 Mb]
Background Information
| Population: | 21.96 million(2009) |
| Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generation: | 4.5 million tons (2009) |
| Per Capita MSW Generation: |
0.6-0.7 kg/day (urban areas) 0.5-0.8 kg/day (rural areas) |
| MSW Generation Growth: | 2.5% |
| Medical waste generation: | 5,000 tons/year (2014) |
| Industrial waste: | Not available |
| Hazardous waste: | Not available |
| Agricultural waste: | Not available |
Technical Performance
Municipal Waste:
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MSW Collection Coverage: |
60-90% in rural areas 90-100% in urban areas |
| MSW Final Destination: |
1-2% : Composting 2-3% : Recycling 20% : Landfilling 80% : Open dumped |
| Number of operational sanitary landfills: |
44 landfills around Syria 15 Under construction 6 Constructed 7 Operational |
Hazardous and industrial Waste:
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| Number of hazardous landfills or plants (Chemical and physical treatment) |
Planned to be constructed: 14 landfills over the country, a treatment plant for hazardous waste is planned to be established in Damascus Under construction: 1, Constructed: 1, Operational: 1 |
| Types of disposal and treatments for medical waste: |
Autoclave (1 unit in Damascus; 2 constructed and equipped units in Dara’a and Al-Hassaka governorates) Experimentation in the treatment unit of Dara’a |
Policy and Planning Environment
- The national strategy endorsed by the Syrian Government in 2005.
- A plan for waste management for the period 2010 – 2015 in the course of discussion
Legal Framework
- The environmental law (law N°50): issued in 2002, defining the role of the General Commission for Environmental Affairs (GCEA) and the instructions related to SWM;
- The cleanliness law (law N°49) was issued in 2004, detailing the legal specification of domestic sate, industrial waste and medical waste.
- The law of EIA, issued in 2008.
Institutional Framework
- Policy planning: Ministry of Local Administration (MoLA)
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Implementing agencies:
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For policy and planning:
- SWM section – technical affairs department – MoLA
- SWM directorates in all governorates
- For implementation and operation: SWM directorates in the governorates, cleanliness departments in the center cities in each governorate and municipalities.
- For monitoring and enforcement: Ministry of Environment: (environment directorates in each Governorate).
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For policy and planning:
Financial and Cost Recovery Arrangements
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SWM financing
- Government allocations to municipalities and administrative units;
- Inhabitants and commercial establishments fees;
- International donations;
- Loans.
Budgetary allocations by Central Government: in five-year plan (2011 – 2015), the allocations value is about 23billion S.P cover the expenses in different sections of SWM sector.
Budgetary allocation by Municipalities/ governorates: different according to the needs in each governorate and the financial capability of the municipalities, in addition to the amount of SWM projects in each place.
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SWM costs
- Cost/per ton for collection: from 1000 to1600 sp.
- Cost per ton for disposal: from 200 to 400 sp.
- Total Cost per ton from collection to disposal/treatment: from 1200 to 2000 sp.
- Cost recovery per ton: from 120 to 200 sp.
- Percentage of cost recovered: approximately 10%.
- Gaps between the government budget and the cost incurred for collection and disposal: there is huge gap between budgets and cost recovery close to 80%.
Private Sector involvement
- In policy and planning: PS has no role
- In collection: 5% of collection works (it’s planned to reach 30% in the cities)
- In disposal and treatment operation: PS participates in disposal but still not in treatment (the national plan aims to involve PS in all SWM sections, so PS will have a role in treatment sooner)
- Type of contracts: investment system
Options for Improvement
- Policy and planning: to help qualify more experts and consultants.
- Institutional building: to establish an independent committee that regulates SWM sector.
- Regulatory framework: to improve the implementation of all laws and legislations, to regulate the private sector participation considering new contracting systems (B.O.T, B.O.O, etc)
- Management and monitoring of contracts: to found neutral consultancies in order to supervise the relationship between administration and contractors.
- Enforcement of environmental regulations: to provide trained and qualified staff to enforce regulations.
- Training requirements: to improve the quality of work at all levels (decision makers, administrative staff, employees and cleansing workers).